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High-speed rail (HSR) systems potentially provide a more efficient way ofdoor-to-door transportation than airplane. However, they also poseunprecedented challenges in delivering seamless Internet service for on-boardpassengers. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale active-passive measurementstudy of TCP performance over LTE on HSR. Our measurement targets the HSRroutes in China operating at above 300 km/h. We performed extensive datacollection through both controlled setting and passive monitoring, obtaining1732.9 GB data collected over 135719 km of trips. Leveraging such a uniquedataset, we measure important performance metrics such as TCP goodput, latency,loss rate, as well as key characteristics of TCP flows, application breakdown,and users' behaviors. We further quantitatively study the impact of frequentcellular handover on HSR networking performance, and conduct in-depthexamination of the performance of two widely deployed transport-layerprotocols: TCP CUBIC and TCP BBR. Our findings reveal the performance oftoday's commercial HSR networks "in the wild", as well as identify severalperformance inefficiencies, which motivate us to design a simple yet effectivecongestion control algorithm based on BBR to further boost the throughput by upto 36.5%. They together highlight the need to develop dedicated protocolmechanisms that are friendly to extreme mobility.

An Active-Passive Measurement Study of TCP Performance over LTE on High-speed Rails