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Two new asynchronous modulation techniques for molecular timing (MT) channelsare proposed. One based on modulating information on the time between twoconsecutive releases of indistinguishable information particles, and one basedon using distinguishable particles. For comparison, we consider thesynchronized modulation scheme where information is encoded in the time ofrelease and decoded from the time of arrival of particles. We show that allthree modulation techniques result in a system that can be modeled as anadditive noise channel, and we derive the expression for the probabilitydensity function of the noise. Next, we focus on binary communication andderive the associated optimal detection rules for each modulation. Since thenoise associated with these modulations has an infinite variance, geometricpower is used as a measure for the noise power, and we derive an expression forthe geometric SNR (G-SNR) for each modulation scheme. Numerical evaluationsindicate that for these systems the bit error rate (BER) is constant at a givenG-SNR, similar to the relation between BER and SNR in additive Gaussian noisechannels. We also demonstrate that the asynchronous modulation based on twodistinguishable particles can achieve a BER performance close to thesynchronized modulation scheme.

Communication System Design and Analysis for Asynchronous Molecular Timing Channels