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Strong Coulomb interaction in 2D materials provides unprecedentedopportunities for studying many key issues of condensed matter physics, such asco-existence and mutual conversions of excitonic complexes, fundamental opticalprocesses associated with their conversions, and their roles in the celebratedMott transition. Recent lasing demonstrations in 2D materials raise importantquestions about the existence and origin of optical gain and possible roles ofexcitonic complexes. While lasing occurred at extremely low densities dominatedby various excitonic complexes, optical gain was observed in the onlyexperiment at densities several orders of magnitude higher, exceeding the Mottdensity. Here, we report a new gain mechanism involving charged excitons ortrions well below the Mott density in 2D molybdenum ditelluride. Our combinedexperimental and modeling study not only reveals the complex interplays ofexcitonic complexes well below the Mott transition, but also providesfoundation for lasing at extremely low excitation levels, important for futureenergy efficient photonic devices.

Excitonic Complexes and Optical Gain in Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Ditelluride Well below Mott Transition