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Four well-resolved LESs of the turbulent boundary layers around a NACA4412wing section, with Rec ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000, were performed at 5degree angle of attack. By comparing the turbulence statistics with those inZPG TBLs at approximately matching Re_tau, we find that the effect of theadverse pressure gradient (APG) is more intense at lower Reynolds numbers. Thisindicates that at low Re the outer region of the TBL becomes more energizedthrough the wall-normal convection associated to the APG. This is alsoreflected in the fact that the inner-scaled wall-normal velocity is larger onthe suction side at lower Reynolds numbers. In particular, the wing cases atRec = 200,000 and 400,000 exhibit wall-normal velocities 40% and 20% larger,respectively, than the case with Rec = 1,000,000. Consequently, theouter-region energizing mechanism associated to the APG is complementary tothat present in high-Re TBLs.

Reynolds-number effects in turbulent boundary layers around wing sections