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In undulatory swimming of fish, muscles contract sequentially along the bodyto generate a bending wave that pushes against the water and produces thrust.Here, we use a 3D computational fluid dynamics model coupled to the motion ofthe fish with prescribed deformation to study the basic mechanical quantitiesalong the fish's body: force, torque, and power. We find that forces on thebodies of both the anguilliform swimmer and the carangiform swimmer aredominated by reactive forces; furthermore, the force on the caudal fin of thecarangiform swimmer is dominated by drag-like forces. The torque exhibits awave pattern that travels faster than the curvature wave in both theanguilliform and carangiform swimmers, but the wave speed is even higher forthe carangiform swimmer. The power output for the anguilliform swimmer isconcentrated on the anterior half of the body and is significantly negative onthe posterior side of the body. In contrast, most of the power is generated bythe posterior part of the body before the peduncle for the carangiform swimmer.The results explain the differences in the observed electromyography patternsin fish with different swimming modes and explain the tendon function incarangiform swimmers.

How fish power swimming: a 3D computational fluid dynamics study