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Finite Element Modeling (FEM) has been widely used to model the electricfield distribution, to study the interaction between stimulation electrodes andneural tissue. However, due to the insufficient computational capability torepresent neural tissue down to an atom-level, the existing FEM fails to modelthe real electric field that is perpendicular to neuron membrane to initiate anaction potential. Thus, to reveal the real electrode-tissue interactions, wedeveloped a circuit to model transmembrane voltage waveforms. Here, we show adistributed-parameter circuit model to systematically study howelectrode-tissue interaction is affected by electrode position, input currentwaveform, and biological structures in the neuromuscular system. Our modelexplains and predicts various phenomena in neuromuscular stimulation, guidesnew stimulation electrode and method design, and more importantly, facilitatesa fundamental understanding of the physical process during electrode-tissueinteraction. In our model, myelin is assumed to be inductive. The voltagewaveform resonance caused by this inductive myelin accounts for the much lowerstimulation threshold to activate motoneurons than muscle fibers, which isobserved with in vivo measurements. These findings confirmed the feasibility ofstudying electrode-tissue interaction using a proper distributed-parametercircuit. Our current application on the neuromuscular system also raises thepossibility that this distributed-parameter circuit model could potentially beapplied to study other neural tissues, including the Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS).

A Static Distributed-parameter Circuit Model Explains Electrical Stimulation on the Neuromuscular System