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One of the central problems in animal and plant developmental biology isdeciphering how chemical and mechanical signals interact within a tissue toproduce organs of defined size, shape and function. Cell walls in plants imposea unique constraint on cell expansion since cells are under turgor pressure anddo not move relative to one another. Cell wall extensibility and constantlychanging distribution of stress on the wall are mechanical properties that varybetween individual cells and contribute to rates of expansion and orientationof cell division. How exactly cell wall mechanical properties influence cellbehavior is still largely unknown. To address this problem, a novel,subcellular element computational model of growth of stem cells within themultilayered shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana is developedand calibrated using experimental data. Novel features of the model includeseparate, detailed descriptions of cell wall extensibility and mechanicalstiffness, deformation of the middle lamella and increase in cytoplasmicpressure generating internal turgor pressure. The model is used to test novelhypothesized mechanisms of formation of the shape and structure of the growing,multilayered SAM based on WUS concentration of individual cells controllingcell growth rates and layer dependent anisotropic mechanical properties ofsubcellular components of individual cells determining anisotropic cellexpansion directions. Model simulations also provide a detailed prediction ofdistribution of stresses in the growing tissue which can be tested in futureexperiments.

Cell-based model of the generation and maintenance of the shape and structure of the multi-layered shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana