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4D printing is a new manufacturing paradigm that combines stimuli-responsivematerials, mathematics, and multi-material additive manufacturing to yieldencoded multi-material structures with intelligent behavior over time. Thisemerging field has received growing interests from various disciplines such asspace exploration, renewable energy, bioengineering, textile industry,infrastructures, soft robotics, and so on. Here, as a first attempt, weconsider the energy aspect of 4D printing. By a thermodynamic analysis, weobtain the theoretical limit of energy consumption in 4D printing and provethat 4D printing can be the most energy-efficient manufacturing process. Beforethat, we clearly underpin 4D printing as a new manufacturing process andidentify its unique attributes.

Invited Article: 4D Printing as a New Paradigm for Manufacturing with Minimum Energy Consumption