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With the emerging of touch-less human-computer interaction techniques andgadgets, mid-air hand gestures have been widely used for authentication. Muchliterature examined either the usability or security of a handful of gestures.This paper aims at quantifying usability and security of gestures as well asunderstanding their relationship across multiple gestures. To studygesture-based authentication, we design an authentication method that combinesDynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and conducted auser study with 42 participants over a period of 6 weeks. We objectivelyquantify the usability of a gesture by the number of corners and the framelength of all gesture samples, quantify the security using the equal error rate(EER), and the consistency by EER over a period of time. Meanwhile, we obtainsubjective evaluation of usability and security by conducting a survey. Byexamining the responses, we found that the subjective evaluation confirms withthe objective ones, and usability is in inverse relationship with security. Westudied the consistency of gestures and found that most participants forgotgestures to some degree and reinforcing the memorization of gestures isnecessary to improve the authentication performance. Finally, we performed astudy with another 17 participants on shoulder surfing attacks, where attackerscan observe the victims multiple times. The results show that shoulder surfingdoes not help to boost the attacks.

Which One to Go: Security and Usability Evaluation of Mid-Air Gestures