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Phase, microstructural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties investigationclearly reveal that the charge imbalance created due to alio-valent Gd3+-ionsubstitution at Pb2+ site in lead magnesium niobate should be compensated bychanging B-site cation ratio instead of creating A-site or B-site vacancies.Microstructure analysis along with elemental mapping exhibit segregation ofmagnesium oxide (MgO) and gadolinium niobate (GdNbO4) phase, which is observedto remain invariant to the charge compensation mechanism. Fitting of frequencydependent temperature of dielectric constant maximum Tm (temperature of emax)and the Mydosh parameter K calculated from the emax (T) clearly revealscritical slowing down of polar nano-regions (PNRs) dynamics leading tosuper-dipolar glass state in Gd3+-ion substituted PMN, when the chargeimbalance is compensated by creating B-site vacancy or changing B-site cationsratio. Precipitation of secondary (pyrochlore) phase is resulted in Gd3+-ionsubstituted PMN when the charge imbalance is compensated by creating A-sitevacancies, which causes reduction in interaction among the PNRs andcircumventing the super-dipolar glass state.

Role of charge compensation mechanism on phase formation, dielectric and  ferroelectric properties in aliovalent Gd3+ ion modified PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3  ceramics