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Global and regional annual mean temperature data have been analysed by manygroups to determine the linear trends of temperature over climatological timescales. The near consistent results generally show an increase of about 0.07{\deg}C per decade during the 20th Century. But many basic questions includingspatial and temporal data gaps, non-uniform distribution of observing sites,superposition of internal/natural variations at different scales withparametric feedbacks etc., still remain unresolved. This paper mainly dealswith a detailed study of the climatological variations of surface-airtemperatures over the Indian region using a well-tested, verified, researchedand gridded (1{\deg}x1{\deg}) daily mean temperature data set for the period1970-2009. The annual mean temperatures estimated with different spatialintegration show linear trends with an increase of about 0.4 {\deg}C duringthis period. A detailed error analysis of the voluminous data shows that thestatistical errors at 95% confidence interval are lower than that of theincrease in temperatures determined from its linear trend. The annual meantemperature time series also shows consistent and nearly phase coherentperiodic variations of 3-5 years with an average magnitude of $\pm$0.4 {\deg}C.Possible causes of these temperature structures due to changes in solaractivity, Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) fluxes and El Nino and Southern (ENSO) areexamined.

Long term surface-air temperature variations over the Indian region during 1970-2009