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Together with millimiter waves (mmWaves), massive multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) systems are key technological components of fifthgeneration (5G) wireless communication systems. In such a context, geometricconsiderations show that the largely adopted plane wave model (PWM) of thechannel potentially loses its validity. An alternative is to consider the moreaccurate but more complex spherical wave model (SWM). This paper introduces anintermediate parabolic wave model (ParWM), more accurate than the PWM whileless complex than the SWM. The validity domains of those three physical modelsare assessed in a novel way. Finally, estimation algorithms for the SWM andParWM are proposed and compared with classical algorithms, showing a promisingperformance complexity trade-off.

Massive MIMO channel estimation taking into account spherical waves