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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is becoming a maturetechnology, and has been approved for standardization in the 5G ecosystem.Although there is a large body of papers on the theoretical analysis of massiveMIMO, the majority of relevant work assumes the simplified, yet overlyidealistic, Kronecker-type model for spatial correlation. Motivated by thedeficiencies of the Kronecker model, we invoke a naturally generalized spatialcorrelation model, that is the Weichselberger model. For this model, we pursuea comprehensive analysis of massive MIMO performance in terms of channelhardening and favorable propagation (FP). We identify a number of scenariosunder which massive MIMO may fail, in terms of channel hardening and FP, anddiscuss their relevance from a practical perspective.

Massive MIMO with a Generalized Channel Model: Fundamental Aspects