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Wire + arc additive manufacture (WAAM) is an attractive method formanufacturing large-scale aerospace components, however the microstructuralchanges that occur and the effect of interpass rolling are poorly understood.Therefore two fundamental studies were conducted: the first involvedtemperature measurement of a wrought dummy wall so that the microstructuralchanges in the heat affected zone (HAZ) could be related to the thermal cycle.This demonstrated that the white band in the microstructure corresponded to 825C well below the beta-transus temperature and above this boundary the bi-modalsubstrate material was converted to lamellar. The second involved peening WAAMmaterial along the side of a deposited wall before applying a typical WAAMthermal heat treatment. This showed that refinement occurred up to the firstlayer band in the microstructure and the smallest grains were observed justabove this boundary at higher temperatures significant grain growth occurred.This study has provided the foundational understanding of microstructuralchanges that will facilitate future process developments.

The Effect of Thermal History on Microstructural Evolution, Cold-Work Refinement and {\alpha}/\b{eta} Growth in Ti-6Al-4V Wire + Arc AM