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Halide perovskite semiconductors respond to electric fields in a way thatvaries across time and length scales. We discuss the microscopic processes thatgive rise to the macroscopic polarization of these materials, ranging from theoptical and vibrational response to the transport of ions and electrons. Thestrong frequency dependence of the dielectric permittivity can be understood byseparating the static dielectric constant into its constituents, including theorientional polarization due to rotating dipoles, which connects theory withexperimental observations. The controversial issue of ferroelectricity isaddressed, where we highlight recent progress in materials and domaincharacterization, but emphasize the challenge associated with isolatingspontaneous lattice polarization from other processes such as charged defectformation and transport. We conclude that CH$_3$NH$_3$PbI$_3$ exhibits manyfeatures characteristic of a ferroelastic electret, where a spontaneous latticestrain is coupled to long-lived metastable polarization states.

Perspective: Dielectric and Ferroic Properties of Halide Perovskite Solar Cells