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The incorporation of even small amounts of strontium (Sr) into lead-basedquadruple cation hybrid perovskite solar cells results in a systematic increaseof the open circuit voltage (Voc) in pin-type perovskite solar cells. Wedemonstrate via transient and absolute photoluminescence (PL) experiments howthe incorporation of Sr significantly reduces the non-radiative recombinationlosses in the neat perovskite layer and specifically at the perovskite/C60interface. We show that Sr segregates at the perovskite surface, where itinduces important changes of morphology and energetics. Notably, theSr-enriched surface exhibits a wider band gap and a more n-type character,accompanied with significantly stronger surface band bending. As a result, weobserve a significant increase of the quasi-Fermi level splitting in the neatperovskite by reduced surface recombination and more importantly, a strongreduction of losses attributed to non-radiative recombination at the interfaceto the C60 electron-transporting layer. The resulting solar cells exhibited aVoc of 1.18 V, which could be further improved to nearly 1.23 V throughaddition of a thin polymer interlayer, bringing the non-radiative voltage lossto only 110 meV. Our work shows that simply adding a small amount of Sr to theprecursor solutions induces a beneficial surface modification in theperovskite, without requiring any post treatment, resulting in high efficiencysolar cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 20.3%. Our resultsdemonstrate very high Voc values and efficiencies in Sr-containing quadruplecation perovskite pin solar cells and highlight the imperative importance ofaddressing and minimizing the recombination losses at the interface betweenperovskite and charge transporting layer.

High Open Circuit Voltages in pin-Type Perovskite Solar Cells through Strontium Addition