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Emerging Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) are promising contenders for buildingfuture memory systems. On the other side, unlike DRAM systems, NVMs can retaindata even after power loss and thus enlarge the attack surface. While dataencryption and integrity verification have been proposed earlier for DRAMsystems, protecting and recovering secure memories becomes more challengingwith persistent memory. Specifically, security metadata, e.g., encryptioncounters and Merkle Tree data, should be securely persisted and recoveredacross system reboots and during recovery from crashes. Not persisting updatesto security metadata can lead to data inconsistency, in addition to serioussecurity vulnerabilities.  In this paper, we pioneer a new direction that explores persistency of bothMerkle Tree and encryption counters to enable secure recovery ofdata-verifiable and encrypted memory systems. To this end, we coin a newconcept that we call Persistent-Security. We discuss the requirements for suchpersistently secure systems, propose novel optimizations, and evaluate theimpact of the proposed relaxation schemes and optimizations on performance,resilience and recovery time. To the best of our knowledge, our paper is thefirst to discuss the persistence of security metadata in integrity-protectedNVM systems and provide corresponding optimizations. We define a set ofrelaxation schemes that bring trade-offs between performance and recovery timefor large capacity NVM systems. Our results show that our proposed design,Triad-NVM, can improve the throughput by an average of ~2x (relative to strictpersistence). Moreover, Triad-NVM maintains a recovery time of less than 4seconds for an 8TB NVM system (30.6 seconds for 64TB), which is ~3648x fasterthan a system without security metadata persistence.

Triad-NVM: Persistent-Security for Integrity-Protected and Encrypted Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs)