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Synchronous Mirroring (SM) is a standard approach to buildinghighly-available and fault-tolerant enterprise storage systems. SM ensuresstrong data consistency by maintaining multiple exact data replicas andsynchronously propagating every update to all of them. Such strong consistencyprovides fault tolerance guarantees and a simple programming model coveted byenterprise system designers. For current storage devices, SM comes at modestperformance overheads. This is because performing both local and remote updatessimultaneously is only marginally slower than performing just local updates,due to the relatively slow performance of accesses to storage in today'ssystems. However, emerging persistent memory and ultra-low-latency networktechnologies necessitate a careful re-evaluation of the existing SM techniques,as these technologies present fundamentally different latency characteristicscompared than their traditional counterparts. In addition to that, existinglow-latency network technologies, such as Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA),provide limited ordering guarantees and do not provide durability guaranteesnecessary for SM. To evaluate the performance implications of RDMA-based SM, wedevelop a rigorous testing framework that is based on emulated persistentmemory. Our testing framework makes use of two different tools: (i) aconfigurable microbenchmark and (ii) a modified version of the WHISPERbenchmark suite, which comprises a set of common cloud applications. Using thisframework, we find that recently proposed RDMA primitives, such as remotecommit, provide correctness guarantees, but do not take full advantage of theasynchronous nature of RDMA hardware. To this end, we propose new primitivesenabling efficient and correct SM over RDMA, and use these primitives todevelop two new techniques delivering high-performance SM of persistentmemories.

Enabling Efficient RDMA-based Synchronous Mirroring of Persistent Memory Transactions