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Crucial to analyze phenomena as varied as plasmonic hot spots and the spreadof cancer in living tissue, nanoscale thermometry is challenging: probes areusually larger than the sample under study, and contact techniques may alterthe sample temperature itself. Many photostable nanomaterials whoseluminescence is temperature-dependent, such as lanthanide-doped phosphors, havebeen shown to be good non-contact thermometric sensors when optically excited.Using such nanomaterials, in this work we accomplished the key milestone ofenabling far-field thermometry with a spatial resolution that is notdiffraction-limited at readout.  We explore thermal effects on the cathodoluminescence of lanthanide-dopedNaYF$_4$ nanoparticles. Whereas cathodoluminescence from such lanthanide-dopednanomaterials has been previously observed, here we use quantitative featuresof such emission for the first time towards an application beyond localization.We demonstrate a thermometry scheme that is based on cathodoluminescencelifetime changes as a function of temperature that achieves $\sim$ 30 mKsensitivity in sub-$\mu$m nanoparticle patches. The scheme is robust againstspurious effects related to electron beam radiation damage and opticalalignment fluctuations.  We foresee the potential of single nanoparticles, of sheets of nanoparticles,and also of thin films of lanthanide-doped NaYF$_4$ to yield temperatureinformation via cathodoluminescence changes when in the vicinity of a sample ofinterest; the phosphor may even protect the sample from direct contact todamaging electron beam radiation. Cathodoluminescence-based thermometry is thusa valuable novel tool towards temperature monitoring at the nanoscale, withbroad applications including heat dissipation in miniaturized electronics andbiological diagnostics.

Cathodoluminescence-based nanoscopic thermometry in a lanthanide-doped phosphor