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Members of a social species need to make appropriate decisions about who,how, and when to interact with others in their group. However, it has beendifficult for researchers to detect the inputs to these decisions and, inparticular, how much information individuals actually have about their socialcontext. We present a new method that can serve as a social assay to quantifyhow patterns of aggression depend upon information about the ranks ofindividuals within social dominance hierarchies. Applied to existing data onaggression in 172 social groups across 85 species in 23 orders, it revealsthree main patterns of rank-dependent social dominance: the downward heuristic(aggress uniformly against lower-ranked opponents), close competitors (aggressagainst opponents ranked slightly below self), and bullying (aggress againstopponents ranked much lower than self). The majority of the groups (133 groups,77%) follow a downward heuristic, but a significant minority (38 groups, 22%)show more complex social dominance patterns (close competitors or bullying)consistent with higher levels of social information use. These patterns are notphylogenetically constrained and different groups within the same species canuse different patterns, suggesting that heuristics use may depend on contextand the structuring of aggression by social information should not beconsidered a fixed characteristic of a species. Our approach provides newopportunities to study the use of social information within and across speciesand the evolution of social complexity and cognition.

Aggression heuristics underlie animal dominance hierarchies and provide evidence of group-level social information