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The surface of Europa contains many quasi-circular morphologies calledlenticulae. Although the formation mechanism of lenticulae is not understood,sill intrusion from the subsurface ocean is one promising hypothesis. However,it remains unclear how vertical cracks from the ocean deflect horizontally toallow sill intrusion in Europa. In this study, the critical stress intensityfactor of Europan ice required for deflection was evaluated by consideringcrack theory at the interface between dissimilar materials and experimentalresults on ice. For deflection to occur at the interface between two dissimilarices, the ratio of the critical stress intensity factor of the interface tothat of the upper layer should be at most 0.45--0.5. This critical ratio may beattained if the interface is caused by brine-containing ice with a volumefraction of >30 ppt (3%) and pure (no-brine) ice. Thus, a region with atemperature equal to the eutectic point (e.g., an area of approximately 240 Kin the convective layer) is a candidate for the region in which the deflectionoccurs.

Condition for the deflection of vertical cracks at dissimilar ice interfaces on Europa