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Microbial communities routinely have several alternative stable statesobserved for the same environmental parameters. Sudden and irreversibletransitions between these states make external manipulation of these systemsmore complicated. To better understand the mechanisms and origins ofmultistability in microbial communities, we introduce and study a model of amicrobial ecosystem colonized by multiple specialist species selected from afixed pool. Growth of each species can be limited by essential nutrients of twotypes, e.g. carbon and nitrogen, each represented in the environment bymultiple metabolites. We demonstrate that our model has an exponentially largenumber of potential stable states realized for different environmentalparameters. Using game theoretical methods adapted from the stable marriageproblem we predict all of these states based only on ranked lists ofcompetitive abilities of species for each of the nutrients. We show that forevery set of nutrient influxes, several mutually uninvadable stable states aregenerally feasible and we distinguish them based upon their dynamic stability.We further explore an intricate network of discontinuous transitions (regimeshifts) between these alternative states both in the course of communityassembly, or upon changes of nutrient influxes.

Alternative stable states in a model of microbial community limited by multiple essential nutrients