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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used to study blood flowsin patient-specific arteries for understanding certain cardiovascular diseases.The techniques work quite well for relatively simple problems, but needimprovements when the problems become harder in the case when (1) the geometrybecomes complex (from a few branches to a full pulmonary artery), (2) the modelbecomes more complex (from fluid-only calculation to coupled fluid-structureinteraction calculation), (3) both the fluid and wall models become highlynonlinear, and (4) the computer on which we run the simulation is asupercomputer with tens of thousands of processor cores. To push the limit ofCFD in all four fronts, in this paper, we develop and study a highly parallelalgorithm for solving a monolithically coupled fluid-structure system for themodeling of the interaction of the blood flow and the arterial wall. As a casestudy, we consider a patient-specific, full size pulmonary artery obtained fromCT (Computed Tomography) images, with an artificially added layer of wall witha fixed thickness. The fluid is modeled with a system of incompressibleNavier-Stokes equations and the wall is modeled by a geometrically nonlinearelasticity equation. As far as we know this is the first time the unsteadyblood flow in a full pulmonary artery is simulated without assuming a rigidwall. The proposed numerical algorithm and software scale well beyond 10,000processor cores on a supercomputer for solving the fluid-structure interactionproblem discretized with a stabilized finite element method in space and animplicit scheme in time involving hundreds of millions of unknowns.

Simulation of unsteady blood flows in a patient-specific compliant  pulmonary artery with a highly parallel monolithically coupled  fluid-structure interaction algorithm