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Today's blockchain designs suffer from a trilemma claiming that no blockchainsystem can simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and performancescalability. For current blockchain systems, as more nodes join the network,the efficiency of the system (computation, communication, and storage) staysconstant at best. A leading idea for enabling blockchains to scale efficiencyis the notion of sharding: different subsets of nodes handle different portionsof the blockchain, thereby reducing the load for each individual node. However,existing sharding proposals achieve efficiency scaling by compromising on trust- corrupting the nodes in a given shard will lead to the permanent loss of thecorresponding portion of data. In this paper, we settle the trilemma bydemonstrating a new protocol for coded storage and computation in blockchains.In particular, we propose PolyShard: ``polynomially coded sharding'' schemethat achieves information-theoretic upper bounds on the efficiency of thestorage, system throughput, as well as on trust, thus enabling a truly scalablesystem. We provide simulation results that numerically demonstrate theperformance improvement over state of the arts, and the scalability of thePolyShard system. Finally, we discuss potential enhancements, and highlightpractical considerations in building such a system.

PolyShard: Coded Sharding Achieves Linearly Scaling Efficiency and Security Simultaneously