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Direct-current (d.c.) electricity generation using moving Schottky contact isemerging as a new strategy for mechanical energy conversion. Here, wedemonstrate the generation of d.c.tunneling current with a density of ~35 A/m2at a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) sliding system using micro-tips. Themeasured current densities were found to be three to four orders of magnitudehigher than that observed with the conventional polymer-based triboelectricnanogenerators (TENGs). The electromotive force for the tribo-tunnelingtransport comes from the dynamic electronic excitation at the frictionalinterface rather than from the electrostatically trapped surface charges as inthe case of conventional TENGs. The strong electronic excitation can give riseto a non-equilibrium interfacial charge variation. Depending on the energydistribution of the excited electrons/holes, the charge variation subsequentlydissipates non-adiabatically into tunneling current and trapped surfacecharges, or adiabatically into heat. These fundamental results not only enhanceour understanding of the triboelectric phenomenon, but also open up new pathsfor the development of next-generation mechanical energy harvesting and sensingtechniques.

Interfacial friction-induced electronic excitation mechanism for tribo-tunneling current generation