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Virtual reality (VR) allows users to see and manipulate virtual scenes anditems through input devices, like head-mounted displays. In this study, theeffects of button size, spacing, and depth on the usability of virtual buttonsin VR environments were investigated. Task completion time, number of errors,and subjective preferences were collected to test different levels of thebutton size, spacing, and depth. The experiment was conducted in a desktopsetting with Oculus Rift and Leap motion. A total of 18 subjects performed abutton selection task. The optimal levels of button size and spacing within theexperimental conditions are 25 mm and between 5 mm and 9 mm, respectively.Button sizes of 15 mm with 1-mm spacing were too small to be used in VRenvironments. A trend of decreasing task completion time and the number oferrors was observed as button size and spacing increased. However, large sizeand spacing may cause fatigue, due to continuous extension of the arms. Fordepth effects, the touch method took a shorter task completion time. However,the push method recorded a smaller number of errors, owing to the visualpush-feedback. In this paper, we discuss advantages and disadvantages indetail. The results can be applied to many different application areas with VRHMD.

Usability of the Size, Spacing, and Depth of Virtual Buttons on Head-Mounted Displays