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We propose a lattice Boltzmann color-gradient model for immiscible ternaryfluid flows, which is applicable to the fluids with a full range of interfacialtensions, especially in near-critical and critical states. An interfacial forcefor N-phase systems is derived based on the previously developed perturbationoperator and is then introduced into the model using a body force scheme, whichhelps reduce spurious velocities. A generalized recoloring algorithm is appliedto produce phase segregation and ensure immiscibility of three differentfluids, where a novel form of segregation parameters is proposed by consideringthe existence of Neumann's triangle and the effect of equilibrium contact anglein three-phase junction. The proposed model is first validated with threetypical examples, namely the interface capturing for two separate staticdroplets, the Young-Laplace test for a compound droplet, and the spreading of adroplet between two stratified fluids. This model is then used to study thestructure and stability of double droplets in a static matrix. Consistent withthe theoretical stability diagram, seven possible equilibrium morphologies aresuccessfully reproduced by adjusting two ratios of the interfacial tensions. Bysimulating Janus droplets in various geometric configurations, the model isshown to be accurate when three interfacial tensions satisfy a Neumann'striangle. In addition, we also simulate the near-critical and critical statesof double droplets where the outcomes are very sensitive to the model accuracy.Our results show that the present model is advantageous to three-phase flowsimulations, and allows for accurate simulation of near-critical and criticalstates.

A versatile lattice Boltzmann model for immiscible ternary fluid flows