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Automatic recognition of emotion from facial expressions is an intense areaof research, with a potentially long list of important application. Yet, thestudy of emotion requires knowing which facial expressions are used within andacross cultures in the wild, not in controlled lab conditions; but such studiesdo not exist. Which and how many cross-cultural and cultural-specific facialexpressions do people commonly use? And, what affect variables does eachexpression communicate to observers? If we are to design technology thatunderstands the emotion of users, we need answers to these two fundamentalquestions. In this paper, we present the first large-scale study of theproduction and visual perception of facial expressions of emotion in the wild.We find that of the 16,384 possible facial configurations that people cantheoretically produce, only 35 are successfully used to transmit emotiveinformation across cultures, and only 8 within a smaller number of cultures.Crucially, we find that visual analysis of cross-cultural expressions yieldsconsistent perception of emotion categories and valence, but not arousal. Incontrast, visual analysis of cultural-specific expressions yields consistentperception of valence and arousal, but not of emotion categories. Additionally,we find that the number of expressions used to communicate each emotion is alsodifferent, e.g., 17 expressions transmit happiness, but only 1 is used toconvey disgust.

Cross-Cultural and Cultural-Specific Production and Perception of Facial Expressions of Emotion in the Wild