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Differing reaction rates of long-lived nuclear states can force the leveloccupations out of thermal equilibrium, causing calculations of overall rateswhich rely on thermal equilibrium to be inaccurate. Therefore, nucleosynthesiscalculations which include nuclei with isomers must use techniques that do notassume thermal equilibrium, and it is imperative that such techniquesappropriately account for transitions between the ground and isomeric statesvia higher-lying levels. We develop a formalism to compute the steady stateoccupations of nuclear levels and apply it to the examples 26Al, 34Cl, and85Kr. We show that this approach is useful both for assessing the requirednumber of nuclear levels and for determining the temperature above whichthermal equilibrium rates are appropriate.

Using Steady State Behavior to Assess Treatments of Nuclear Isomers in Astrophysical Environments