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In order to probe the mechanism of solid-solid phase transformations, we haveapplied ultrafast shock wave compression (120 picosecond duration) andultrashort (130 femtosecond) x-ray diffraction at the Linac Coherent LightSource (LCLS) to probe the compression-induced phase transition pathway inzirconium. Surprisingly, rather than transform from alpha-Zr to the moredisordered hex-3 equilibrium omega-Zr phase, in its place we find the formationof a non-equilibrium body-centered cubic (bcc) metastable intermediate.Theoretically hypothesized for several decades, this bcc intermediate state hasnow been found to be dynamically stabilized under uniaxial loading atsub-nanosecond timescales. Molecular dynamics simulations of shock-wavepropagation in zirconium predict this transformation via the dynamicalintermediate state. In contrast with longer timescale experiments where thephase diagram alone is an adequate predictor of the crystalline structure of amaterial, our recent study highlights the importance of metastability andtime-dependence in the kinetics of phase transformation at extreme conditions.

Observation of a metastable intermediate during solid-solid phase transformation in response to rapid compression