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For workers, the exposure to on-site hazards can result in fatalities andserious injuries. To improve safety outcomes, different approaches have beenimplemented for health and safety training in the construction sector, such astraditional tools and computer-aided technologies (e.g., serious games andvirtual reality). However, the effectiveness of these approaches has beenbarely explored. In order to bridge this gap, a systematic review of existingstudies was conducted. Unlike previous review studies in this field thatfocused on uncovering the technology characters and challenges, this studymainly evaluated the effectiveness of training using traditional tools andcomputer-aided technologies on the well-being of individuals. Measures of theeffectiveness included knowledge acquisition, unsafe behaviour alteration, andinjury rate reduction. Results indicated that: 1. the effectiveness oftraditional tools is sufficiently supported by statistical evidence; and 2. theuse of computer-aided technologies has evidence to support its effectiveness,but more solid evidence is required to support this statement. It was alsofound that the overall performance of computer-aided technologies is superiorin several technical aspects compared to traditional tools, namely,representing actual workplace situations, providing text-free interfaces,having better user engagement, and being more cost-efficient. Finally, usingthe systematic review findings, a theoretical framework is proposed as apotential solution to help future research in this field systematically examinethe effectiveness and usability of their approaches. This framework istheoretical in nature and requires further validation. A further study istherefore proposed to test and validate this framework.

The Effectiveness of Traditional Tools and Computer-Aided Technologies  for Health and Safety Training in the Construction Sector: A Systematic  Review