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This paper introduces a general simulation framework that can allow thesimulation of crashes and the evaluation of consequences on existingmicrosimulation packages. A specific family of simple and reproducible conflictindicators is proposed and applied to many case studies. In this approachdriver failures are simulated by assuming that a driver stops reacting to anexternal stimulus and keeps driving at the current speed for a given time. Thetrajectory of the distracted driver vehicle is thus evaluated and projected,for the given time steps, for the established distraction time, over the actualtrajectories of other vehicles. Every occurring crash is then evaluated interms of energy involved in the crash, or with any other severity index (whichcan be easily calculated since the accident dynamics can be accuratelysimulated). The simulation of a driver error allows not only the typology ofcrashes to be included, normally accounted for with surrogate safety measures,but also many other type of typical crashes that it is impossible to simulatewith microsimulation and traditional methodologies being caused by vehicles whoare driving on non-conflicting trajectories such as drivers speeding at a redlight, drivers taking the wrong lane or side of the street or just driving offthe road in isolated accidents against external obstacles or traffic barriers.The total crash energy of all crashes is proposed as an indicator of risk andadopted in the case studies. Moreover, the concepts introduced in this paperallow scientists to define other relevant variables that can be used assurrogate safety indicators that consider driving errors. Preliminary resultson different case studies have shown a great accordance of safety evaluationswith statistical data and empirical expectations and also with othertraditional safety indicators that are commonly used in microsimulation.

From traffic conflict simulation to traffic crash simulation:  introducing traffic safety indicators based on the explicit simulation of  potential driver errors