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The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will each year obtain millions ofspectra in the optical to near-infrared, at low (R~3000) to high (R~40000)spectral resolution by observing >3000 spectra per pointing via a highlymultiplexed fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE include black holereverberation mapping, stellar population analysis of faint galaxies at highredshift, and sub-km/s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics. Thearchitecture of MSE is an assembly of subsystems designed to meet the sciencerequirements and describes what MSE will look like. In this paper we focus onthe operations concept of MSE, which describes how to operate a fiber fed,highly multiplexed, dedicated observatory given its architecture and thescience requirements. The operations concept details the phases of operations,from selecting proposals within the science community to distributing backmillions of spectra to this community. For each phase, the operations conceptdescribes the tools required to support the science community in their analysesand the operations staff in their work. It also highlights the specific needsrelated to the complexity of MSE with millions of targets to observe, thousandsof fibers to position, and different spectral resolution to use. Finally, theoperations concept shows how the science requirements on calibration andobserving efficiency can be met.

Optimal scheduling and science delivery of spectra for millions of  targets in thousands of fields: the operational concept of the Maunakea  spectroscopic explorer (MSE)