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Neural stimulation is a powerful technique for modulating physiologicalfunctions and for writing information into the nervous system as part ofbrain-machine interfaces. Current clinically approved neural stimulatorsrequire batteries and are many cubic centimetres in size -- typically muchlarger than their intended targets. We present a complete wireless neuralstimulation system consisting of a 1.7 mm3 wireless, batteryless, leadlessimplantable stimulator (the "mote"), an ultrasonic wireless link for power andbi-directional communication, and a hand-held external transceiver. The moteconsists of a piezoceramic transducer, an energy storage capacitor, and astimulator integrated circuit (IC). The IC harvests ultrasonic power with highefficiency, decodes stimulation parameter downlink data, and generatescurrent-controlled stimulation pulses. Stimulation parameters are time-encodedon the fly through the wireless link rather than being programmed and stored onthe mote, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory requirements andenabling complex stimulation protocols with high-temporal resolution andlow-latency feedback for use in closed-loop stimulation. Uplink data indicateswhether the mote is currently stimulating; it is encoded by the mote viabackscatter modulation and is demodulated at the external transceiver. We showthat the mote operates at an acoustic intensity that is 7.8% of the FDA limitfor diagnostic ultrasound and characterize the acoustic wireless link'srobustness to expected real-world misalignment. We demonstrate the in vivoperformance of the system with motes acutely implanted with a cuff on thesciatic nerve of anesthetized rats and show highly repeatable stimulationacross a wide range of physiological responses.

StimDust: A mm-scale implantable wireless precision neural stimulator with ultrasonic power and communication