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One of the main challenges of debugging is to understand why the programfails for certain inputs but succeeds for others. This becomes especiallydifficult if the fault is caused by an interaction of multiple inputs. To debugsuch interaction faults, it is necessary to understand the individual effect ofthe input, how these inputs interact and how these interactions cause thefault. The differences between two execution traces can explain why one inputbehaves differently than the other. We propose to compare execution traces ofall input options to derive explanations of the behavior of all options andinteractions among them. To make the relevant information stand out, werepresent them as variational traces that concisely represents control-flow anddata-flow differences among multiple concrete traces. While variational tracescan be obtained from brute-force execution of all relevant inputs, we usevariational execution to scale the generation of variational traces to theexponential space of possible inputs. We further provide an Eclipse pluginVarviz that enables users to use variational traces for debugging andnavigation. In a user study, we show that users of variational traces are morethan twice as fast to finish debugging tasks than users of the standard Eclipsedebugger. We further show that variational traces can be scaled to programswith many options.

Understanding Differences among Executions with Variational Traces