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In permissive environments, E. coli can double its dry mass every 21 minutes.During this time, ribosomes, RNA polymerases, and the proteome are all doubled.Yet, the question of how to relate bacterial doubling time to otherbiologically relevant time scales in the growth process remains illusive, dueto the complex temporal nesting pattern of these processes. In particular, therelation between the cell's doubling time and the ribosome assembly time is notknown. Here we develop a model that connects growth rate to ribosome assemblytime and show that the existence of a self-assembly step increases the overallgrowth rate, because during ribosome self-assembly existing ribosomes can starta new round of reproduction, by making a new batch of ribosomal proteins priorto the completion of the previous round. This overlapping of ribosomereproduction cycles increases growth rate beyond the serial-limit that istypically assumed to hold. Using recent data from ribosome profiling and wellknown measurements of the average translation rate, rigid bounds on the in-vivoribosome self-assembly time are set, which are robust to the assumptionsregarding the biological noises involved. At 21 minutes doubling time, theribosome assembly time is found to be approximately 6 minutes --- three foldlarger than the common estimate. We further use our model to explain thedetrimental effect of a recently discovered ribosome assembly inhibitor drug,and predict the effect of limiting the expression of ribosome assemblychaperons on the overall growth rate.

Ribosome self-assembly leads to overlapping reproduction cycles and increases growth rate