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The fluctuation theorem is a representative theorem in non-equilibriumstatistical physics actively studied in the 1990's. Relating to entropyproduction in non-equilibrium states, the theorem has been used to estimate thedriving power of motor proteins from fluctuation in their motion. In thisreview, usage of the fluctuation theorem in experiments on motor proteins isillustrated for biologists, especially those who study mechanobiology, in whichforce measurement is a central issue. We first introduce the application of thefluctuation theorem in measuring the rotary torque of the rotary motor proteinF1-ATPase. Next, as an extension of this application, a recent trial estimatingthe force generated during cargo transport in vivo by the microtubule motorskinesin and dynein is introduced. Elucidation of the physical mechanism of suchtransport is important, especially for neurons, in which deficits in cargotransport are deeply related to neuronal diseases. Finally, perspectives on thefluctuation theorem as a new technique in the field of neuroscience arediscussed.

Application of the fluctuation theorem to motor proteins: from F1-ATPase to axonal cargo transport by kinesin and dynein