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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have been widely used for applicationssuch as X-ray crystallography and magnetic spin probes because of theirunprecedented performance. Recently, time-resolved X-ray magnetic circulardichroism (XMCD) with ultrafast XFEL pulses made it possible to achieve aninstantaneous view of atomic de-excitation. However, owing to the narrowbandwidth and coherence of XFEL, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and XMCDare time- and effort-consuming for both machine scientists and users of XFELs.In this work, an efficient scheme using a broadband XFEL pulse and single-shotX-ray spectrometer is proposed, in which the XAS and XMCD measurements can beaccomplished with the same machine condition. An evolutionary multiobjectiveoptimization algorithm is used to maximize the XFEL bandwidth offered by theShanghai soft X-ray FEL user facility without additional hardware. A numericalexample using MnO is demonstrated, showing that using approximately 1000consecutive XFEL shots with a central photon energy of 650 eV and fullbandwidth of 4.4%, precise spectral measurements for XAS and XMCD can beachieved. Additional considerations related to single-shot XAS and XMCD arediscussed.

Proposal of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism using broadband free-electron lasers