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The flow of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate is studied withsimulation of Navier-Stokes equations. The mechanisms of flow instability atexternal edge of the boundary layer and near the wall are analyzed using theenergy gradient theory. The simulation results show that there is an overshooton the velocity profile at the external edge of the boundary layer. At thisovershoot, the energy gradient function is very large which results ininstability according to the energy gradient theory. It is found that thetransverse gradient of the total mechanical energy is responsible for theinstability at the external edge of the boundary layer, which induces theentrainment of external flow into the boundary layer. Within the boundarylayer, there is a maximum of the energy gradient function near the wall, whichleads to intensive flow instability near the wall and contributes to thegeneration of turbulence.

Stability of boundary layer flow based on energy gradient theory