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Formation of femtosecond laser direct-written positive refractive indexwaveguides in Gallium Lanthanum Sulphide (GLS) glass is explained for the firsttime. Evidence of structural changes and ion migration are presented usingRaman spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively. 2-DRaman spectra maps reveal a peak shift and full-width at half maximumvariations in the symmetric vibrations of GaS4 main band. For the first time,the 2D map of the boson band was successfully used to identify and understandthe material densification profile in a high refractive index glass waveguide.Finally EPMA provided the evidence of ion migration due to sulphur and theobservation of an anion (S2-) migration causing material modification is alsoreported for the first time.

Role of ion migrations and structural reorganisations in femtosecond laser direct-written chalcogenide glass waveguides