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Pauli blockade occurs when the excited electrons fill up the states near theconduction bands and block subsequent absorption in semiconductors, and hasbeen widely applied in mode-locking for passively-pulsed-laser systems. In thisletter, we report the first direct observation that the Pauli blockade isbroken by ultrafast cooling of hot electrons in optically-pumped graphene. Withfemtosecond spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the time scale to excite anelectron (~100 fs) is of the same order as that of the electron decay viaelectron-electron scattering, which allows the electron excitation interplaysstrongly with the cooling of hot electrons. Consequently, Pauli blockade isdismissed, leading to an unconventionally enhanced optical absorption. Wesuggest that this effect is a universal feature of two-dimensional layeredmaterials, which sheds the light of ultrafast carrier dynamics in nonlinearphysics and inspires the designing of new-generation of ultrafastoptoelectronic devices.

Breaking Pauli blockade via ultrafast cooling of hot electrons in optically-pumped graphene