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Nb3Sn has the potential to achieve superior performance in terms of qualityfactor, accelerating gradient and operating temperature (4.2 K vs 2 K)resulting in significant reduction in both capital and operating costs comparedto traditional niobium SRF accelerator cavities. Tin vapor diffusion coating ofNb3Sn on niobium appears to be a simple, yet most efficient technique so far tofabricate such cavities. Here, cavity interior surface coatings are obtained bya two step process: nucleation followed by deposition. The first step isnormally accomplished with Sn/SnCl2 at a constant low temperature (500 {\deg}C)for several hours. To elucidate the role of this step, we systematicallystudied the niobium surface nucleated under varying process conditions. Thesurfaces obtained in typical tin/tin chloride processes were characterizedusing SEM/EDS, AFM, XPS, SAM and TEM. Examination of the surfaces nucleatedunder the standard conditions revealed not only tin particles, but also tinfilm on the surfaces resembling the surface obtained by Stranski-Krastanovgrowth mode. All the nucleation attempted with SnCl2 yielded better uniformityof Nb3Sn coating compared to coating obtained without nucleation, which oftenincluded random patchy regions with irregular grain structure. Even though thevariation of nucleation parameters was able to produce different surfacesfollowing nucleation, no evidence was found for any significant impact on thefinal coating.

Initial Growth Of Tin On Niobium For Vapor Diffusion Coating Of Nb3sn