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Cognitive biases have been shown to lead to faulty decision-making. Recentresearch has demonstrated that the effect of cognitive biases, anchoring biasin particular, transfers to information visualization and visual analytics.However, it is still unclear how users of visual interfaces can be anchored andthe impact of anchoring on user performance and decision-making process. Toinvestigate, we performed two rounds of between-subjects, in-laboratoryexperiments with 94 participants to analyze the effect of visual anchors andstrategy cues in decision-making with a visual analytic system that employscoordinated multiple view design. The decision-making task is identifyingmisinformation from Twitter news accounts. Participants were randomly assignedone of three treatment groups (including control) in which participant trainingprocesses were modified. Our findings reveal that strategy cues and visualanchors (scenario videos) can significantly affect user activity, speed,confidence, and, under certain circumstances, accuracy. We discuss theimplications of our experiment results on training users how to use a newlydeveloped visual interface. We call for more careful consideration into howvisualization designers and researchers train users to avoid unintentionallyanchoring users and thus affecting the end result.

Anchored in a Data Storm: How Anchoring Bias Can Affect User Strategy, Confidence, and Decisions in Visual Analytics