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In this paper we present scanning tunneling microscopy of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ withsuperconducting Nb deposited on the surface. We find that the topologicallyprotected surface states of the Bi$_2$Se$_3$ leak into the superconductingover-layer, suggesting a dual topological proximity effect. Coupling betweentheses states and the Nb states leads to an effective pairing mechanism for thesurface states, leading to a modified model for a topological superconductor inthese systems. This model is consistent with fits between the experimental dataand the theory.

Dirac surface states in superconductors: a dual topological proximity effect