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This article presents chemical analysis of jet fuel (Jet A-1) heteroatomicfuel components with identification of an antioxidant lichen substance inmethanol extracted fuel samples. Thermal stressing of jet fuel produces solublemacromolecular oxidatively reactive species (SMORS) and heteroatomic deposits.SMORS are deposit precursors and elementary heteroatomic units containingunsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Fuel additives such as antioxidants caninhibit SMORS and deposit formation within limited heating residence time andtemperature range. Jet A-1 was thermally stressed in the autoxidation regime(150 to 300 0C) followed by spectroscopic analysis. Thermally stressed jet fuelstatic tests electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) show highermolecular weight compounds in the mass range 300-1000 Da compared withunstressed fuel samples supporting deposition. Jet A-1 samples were analyzed byelectrospray ion source mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. FTIR bands foroxygen containing species reveal the presence of alcohol, phenol and ethergroups. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) standard and distorsionlessenhancement polarization transfer (DEPT 135) spectra recorded heteroatomicalkoxy species in both unstressed and thermally stressed fuel samples. Naturalproducts polyphenols and lichen derived oxygenated compounds are excellentantioxidants. A new perspective of using lichen substances as fuel additivesemerged in this study. Exploring further, natural products extraction methodsoptimization remains a key challenge and advantages of polyphenolic lichenacids as potential fuel and chemical additives are discussed.

Heteroatomic jet fuel components: Lichen substances as fuel component and potential additives