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Light-fidelity (LiFi) is a networked optical wireless communication (OWC)solution for high-speed indoor connectivity for fixed and mobile opticalcommunications. Unlike conventional radio frequency wireless systems, the OWCchannel is not isotropic, meaning that the device orientation affects thechannel gain significantly, particularly for mobile users. However, due to thelack of a proper model for device orientation, many studies have assumed thatthe receiver is vertically upward and fixed. In this paper, a novel model fordevice orientation based on experimental measurements of forty participants hasbeen proposed. It is shown that the probability density function (PDF) of thepolar angle can be modeled either based on a Laplace (for static users) or aGaussian (for mobile users) distribution. In addition, a closed-form expressionis obtained for the PDF of the cosine of the incidence angle based on whichline-of-sight (LOS) channel gain is described in OWC channels. An approximationof this PDF based on the truncated Laplace is proposed and the accuracy of thisapproximation is confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance (KSD). Moreover,the statistics of the LOS channel gain are calculated and the randomorientation of a user equipment (UE) is modeled as a random process. Theinfluence of the random orientation on signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) performanceof OWC systems has been evaluated. Finally, an orientation-based randomwaypoint (ORWP) mobility model is proposed by considering the randomorientation of the UE during the user's movement. The performance of ORWP isassessed on the handover rate and it is shown that it is important to take therandom orientation into account.

Modeling the Random Orientation of Mobile Devices: Measurement, Analysis and LiFi Use Case