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The intense demands for higher data rates and ubiquitous network coveragehave raised the stakes on developing new network topology and architecture tomeet these ever-increasing demands in a cost-effective manner. Thetelecommunication industry and international standardization bodies have placedconsiderable attention to the deployment of ultra-dense heterogeneoussmall-scale cells over existing cellular systems. Those small-scale cells,although provide higher data rates and better indoor coverage by reducing thedistance between base stations (BSs) and end users, have raised severeconfiguration concerns. As the deployments are becoming irregular and flexible,inappropriate configurations occur frequently and undermine the networkreliability and service quality. We envision that the fine-grainedcharacterization of user traffic is a key pillar to diagnosing inappropriateconfigurations. In this article, we investigate the fine-grained trafficpatterns of mobile users by analyzing the network data containing millions ofsubscribers and covering thousands of cells in a large metropolitan area. Wecharacterize traffic patterns and mobility behaviors of users and geospatialproperties of cells, and discuss how the heterogeneity of these characteristicsaffects network configurations and diagnosis in future ultra-dense small cells.Based on these observations from our measurements, we investigate possiblemodels and corresponding challenges, and propose a heterogeneity-aware schemethat takes into account the disparity of user mobility behaviors and geospatialproperties among small cells.

Configurations and Diagnosis for Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks: From Empirical Measurements to Technical Solutions