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Proof-of-Stake systems randomly choose, on each round, one of theparticipants as a consensus leader that extends the chain with the next blocksuch that the selection probability is proportional to the owned stake.However, distributed random number generation is notoriously difficult. Systemsthat derive randomness from the previous blocks are completely insecure;solutions that provide secure random selection are inefficient due to theirhigh communication complexity; and approaches that balance security andperformance exhibit selection bias. When block creation is rewarded with newstake, even a minor bias can have a severe cumulative effect.  In this paper, we propose Robust Round Robin, a new consensus scheme thataddresses this selection problem. We create reliable long-term identities bybootstrapping from an existing infrastructure, such as Intel's SGX processors,or by mining them starting from an initial fair distribution. For leaderselection we use a deterministic approach. On each round, we select a set ofthe previously created identities as consensus leader candidates in round robinmanner. Because simple round-robin alone is vulnerable to attacks and offerspoor liveness, we complement such deterministic selection policy with alightweight endorsement mechanism that is an interactive protocol between theleader candidates and a small subset of other system participants. Our solutionhas low good efficiency as it requires no expensive distributed randomnessgeneration and it provides block creation fairness which is crucial indeployments that reward it with new stake.

Don't Mine, Wait in Line: Fair and Efficient Blockchain Consensus with Robust Round Robin