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The far-reaching gravitational force is described by a heuristic impact modelwith hypothetical massless entities propagating at the speed of light in vacuumand transferring momentum and energy be- tween massive bodies throughinteractions on a local basis. In the original publication (Wilhelm et al.2013), a spherical symmetric emission of secondary entities had beenpostulated. The potential energy problems in gravitationally andelectrostatically bound two-body systems have been studied in the framework ofthis im- pact model of gravity and of a proposed impact model of theelectrostatic force (Wilhelm et al. 2014). These studies have indicated that ananti-parallel emission of a secondary entity - now called graviton - withrespect to the incoming one is more appropriate. This article is based on thelatter choice and presents the modifications resulting from this change. Themodel has been applied to multiple interactions of gravitons in large massconglomerations in several publications. They will be summarized here takingthe modified interaction process into account. In addition, the speed ofphotons as a function of the gravitational potential are considered in thiscontext together with the dependence of atomic clocks and the redshift on thegravitational potential.

Impact models of gravitational and electrostatic forces: Potential energies, atomic clocks, gravitational anomalies and redshift