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Concerns have reached the mainstream about how social media are affectingpolitical outcomes. One trajectory for this is the exposure of politicians toonline abuse. In this paper we use 1.4 million tweets from the months beforethe 2015 and 2017 UK general elections to explore the abuse directed atpoliticians. This collection allows us to look at abuse broken down by bothparty and gender and aimed at specific Members of Parliament. It also allows usto investigate the characteristics of those who send abuse and their topics ofinterest. Results show that in both absolute and proportional terms, abuseincreased substantially in 2017 compared with 2015. Abusive replies aresomewhat less directed at women and those not in the currently governing party.Those who send the abuse may be issue-focused, or they may repeatedly target anindividual. In the latter category, accounts are more likely to be throwaway.Those sending abuse have a wide range of topical triggers, including bordersand terrorism.

Online Abuse of UK MPs in 2015 and 2017: Perpetrators, Targets, and Topics